Trigonometry

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The law of cosines

The Law of Cosines is a extension of the Pythagorean theorem to use when triangles that are not right-angled.

Consider this triangle:

Then, the Law of Cosines states that:

Proof:

The perpendicular, oc, divides this triangle into two right angled triangles, aco and bco.

First we will find the length of the other two sides of triangle aco in terms of known quantities, using triangle bco.

h = A sin b

Side C is split into two segments, total length C.

ob, length A cos b; ao, length C - A cos b
Now we can use Pythagoras to find B, since B² = ao² + h²

$\begin{matrix}B^2 & = & (C-A\cos b)^2+A^2\sin^2 b \\ \ &=& C^2-2AC\cos b +A^2\cos^2 b+A^2\sin^2 b\\ \ &=& A^2+C^2-2AC\cos b\end{matrix}$

The corresponding expressions for A and C can be proved similarly.

Find x.

c²=a²+b²-2accosC
x²=7²+9²-2·7·9·cos105º=162.6
x=12.8 cm